[ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001] Software engineering Part 1: Quality model

ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001 : Software engineering Part 1: Quality model

 

ISO 9126

 

The quality criteria according to ISO 9126

The fundamental objective of the ISO/IEC 9126 standard is to address some of the well known human biases that can adversely affect the delivery and perception of a software development project. These biases include changing priorities after the start of a project or not having any clear definitions of "success". By clarifying, then agreeing on the project priorities and subsequently converting abstract priorities (compliance) to measurable values (output data can be validated against schema X with zero intervention), ISO/IEC 9126 tries to develop a common understanding of the project's objectives and goals.

The standard is divided into four parts:

 

▶ quality model

▶ external metrics

▶ internal metrics

▶ quality in use metrics.

 

Quality

The quality model presented in the first part of the standard, ISO/IEC 9126-1,[2] classifies software quality in a structured set of characteristics and sub-characteristics as follows:

 

Functionality 

 "A set of attributes that bear on the existence of a set of functions and their specified properties. The functions are those that satisfy stated or implied needs.

▶ Suitability

▶ Accuracy

▶ Interoperability

▶ Security

▶ Functionality compliance

 

Reliability

 "A set of attributes that bear on the capability of software to maintain its level of performance under stated conditions for a stated period of time."

▶ Maturity

▶ Fault tolerance

▶ Recoverability

▶ Reliability compliance

 

Usability

 "A set of attributes that bear on the effort needed for use, and on the individual assessment of such use, by a stated or implied set of users.

▶ Understandabilit

▶ Learnability

▶ Operability

▶ Attractivenes

▶ Usability compliance

 

Efficiency

"A set of attributes that bear on the relationship between the level of performance of the software and the amount of resources used, under stated conditions."

▶ Time behaviour

▶ Resource utilization

▶ Efficiency compliance

 

Maintainability

 "A set of attributes that bear on the effort needed to make specified modifications."

▶ Analyzability

▶ Changeability

▶ Stability

▶ Testability

▶ Maintainability compliance

 

Portability

 "A set of attributes that bear on the ability of software to be transferred from one environment to another."

▶ Adaptability

▶ Installability

▶ Co-existence

▶ Replaceability

▶ Portability compliance

 

Each quality sub-characteristic (e.g. adaptability) is further divided into attributes. An attribute is an entity which can be verified or measured in the software product. Attributes are not defined in the standard, as they vary between different software products.

Software product is defined in a broad sense: it encompasses executables, source code, architecture descriptions, and so on. As a result, the notion of user extends to operators as well as to programmers, which are users of components such as software libraries.

The standard provides a framework for organizations to define a quality model for a software product. On doing so, however, it leaves up to each organization the task of specifying precisely its own model. This may be done, for example, by specifying target values for quality metrics which evaluates the degree of presence of quality attributes.

 

Developments

ISO/IEC then started work on SQuaRE (Software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation), a more extensive series of standards to replace ISO/IEC 9126, with numbers of the form ISO/IEC 250mn. For instance, ISO/IEC 25000 was issued in 2005, and ISO/IEC 25010, which supersedes ISO/IEC 9126-1, was issued in March 2011. ISO 25010 has eight product quality characteristics (in contrast to ISO 9126's six), and 31 subcharacteristics.

 

▶ "Functionality" is renamed "functional suitability". "Functional completeness" is added as a subcharacteristic, and "interoperability" and "security" are moved elsewhere. "Accuracy" is renamed "functional correctness", and "suitability" is renamed "functional appropriateness".

▶ "Efficiency" is renamed "performance efficiency". "Capacity" is added as a subcharactersitic.

▶ "Compatibility" is a new characteristic, with "co-existence" moved from "portability" and "interoperability" moved from "functionality".

▶ "Usability" has new subcharacteristics of "user error protection" and "accessibility" (use by people with a wide range of characteristics). "Understandability" is renamed "appropriateness recognizability", and "attractiveness" is renamed "user interface aesthetics".

▶ "Reliability" has a new subcharacteristic of "availability" (when required for use).

▶ "Security" is a new characteristic with subcharacteristics of "confidentiality" (data accessible only by those authorized), "integrity" (protection from unauthorized modification), "non-repudiation" (actions can be proven to have taken place), "accountability" (actions can be traced to who did them), and "authenticity" (identity can be proved to be the one claimed).

▶ "Maintainability" has new subcharacteristics of "modularity" (changes in one component have a minimal impact on others) and "reusability"; "changeability" and "stability" are rolled up into "modifiability".

▶ "Portability" has "co-existence" moved elsewhere.

 

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